Guida a NetBSD

Table of Contents

Scopi di questa guida

I. Che cosa NetBSD

1. Che cosa NetBSD?

1.1. La storia di NetBSD

1.2. Caratteristiche di NetBSD

1.3. Piattaforme supportate

1.4. A chi si rivolge NetBSD

1.5. Applicazioni per NetBSD

1.6. La filosofia di NetBSD

1.7. Come ottenere NetBSD

II. Installazione e discussioni relative

2. Installing NetBSD: Preliminary considerations and preparations

2.1. Preliminary considerations

2.1.1. Dual booting

2.1.2. NetBSD on emulation and virtualization

2.2. Install preparations

2.2.1. The INSTALL* document

2.2.2. Hard disk geometries

2.2.3. Partitions

2.2.4. Hard disk space requirements

2.2.5. Network settings

2.2.6. Backup your data and operating systems!

2.2.7. Preparing the installation media

2.3. Checklist

3. Example installation

3.1. Introduction

3.2. The installation process

3.3. Keyboard layout

3.4. Starting the installation

3.5. MBR partitions

3.6. Disklabel partitions

3.7. Setting the disk name

3.8. Last chance!

3.9. The disk preparation process

3.10. Choosing the installation media

3.10.1. Installing from CD-ROM or DVD

3.10.2. Installing from an unmounted file system

3.10.3. Installing via FTP

3.10.4. Installing via NFS

3.11. Extracting sets

3.12. System configuration

3.13. Finishing the installation

4. Aggiornare NetBSD

4.1. Panoramica

4.2. I documenti INSTALL*

4.3. Eseguire l'aggiornamento

III. Configurazione del sistema, amministrazione e messa a punto

5. The first steps on NetBSD

5.1. Troubleshooting

5.1.1. Boot problems

5.1.2. Misconfiguration of /etc/rc.conf

5.2. The man command

5.3. Editing the configuration files

5.4. Login

5.5. Changing the root password

5.6. Adding users

5.7. Shadow passwords

5.8. Changing the keyboard layout

5.9. System time

5.10. Secure Shell (ssh(1))

5.11. Basic configuration in /etc/rc.conf

5.12. Basic network settings

5.13. Mounting a CD-ROM

5.14. Mounting a floppy

5.15. Installing additional software

5.16. Security alerts

5.17. Stopping and rebooting the system

6. Editing

6.1. Introducing vi

6.1.1. The vi interface

6.1.2. Switching to Edit Mode

6.1.3. Switching Modes & Saving Buffers to Files

6.1.4. Yanking and Putting

6.1.5. Navigation in the Buffer

6.1.6. Searching a File, the Alternate Navigational Aid

6.1.7. A Sample Session

6.2. Configuring vi

6.2.1. Extensions to .exrc

6.2.2. Documentation

6.3. Using tags with vi

7. rc.d System

7.1. The rc.d Configuration

7.2. The rc.d Scripts

7.3. The Role of rcorder and rc Scripts

7.4. Additional Reading

8. Console drivers

8.1. wscons

8.1.1. wsdisplay

8.1.2. wskbd

8.1.3. wsmouse

8.2. pccons

9. X

9.1. What is X?

9.2. Configuration

9.3. The mouse

9.4. The keyboard

9.5. The monitor

9.6. The video card

9.6.1. XFree 3.x

9.6.2. XFree86 4.x

9.7. Starting X

9.8. Customizing X

9.9. Other window managers

9.10. Graphical login with xdm

10. Linux emulation

10.1. Emulation setup

10.1.1. Configuring the kernel

10.1.2. Installing the Linux libraries

10.1.3. Installing Acrobat Reader

10.2. Directory structure

10.3. Emulating /proc

10.4. Using Linux browser plugins

10.5. Further reading

11. Audio

11.1. Basic hardware elements

11.2. BIOS settings

11.3. Configuring the audio device

11.4. Configuring the kernel audio devices

11.5. Advanced commands

11.5.1. audioctl(1)

11.5.2. mixerctl(1)

11.5.3. audioplay(1)

11.5.4. audiorecord(1)

12. Printing

12.1. Enabling the printer daemon

12.2. Configuring /etc/printcap

12.3. Configuring Ghostscript

12.4. Printer management commands

12.5. Remote printing

13. Using removable media

13.1. Initializing and using floppy disks

13.2. How to use a ZIP disk

13.3. Reading data CDs with NetBSD

13.4. Reading multi-session CDs with NetBSD

13.5. Allowing normal users to access CDs

13.6. Mounting an ISO image

13.7. Using video CDs with NetBSD

13.8. Using audio CDs with NetBSD

13.9. Creating an MP3 (MPEG layer 3) file from an audio CD

13.10. Using a CD-R writer with data CDs

13.11. Using a CD-R writer to create audio CDs

13.12. Creating an audio CD from MP3s

13.13. Copying an audio CD

13.14. Copying a data CD with two drives

13.15. Using CD-RW rewritables

13.16. DVD support

13.17. Creating ISO images from a CD

13.18. Getting volume information from CDs and ISO images

14. The cryptographic device driver (CGD)

14.1. Overview

14.1.1. Why use disk encryption?

14.1.2. Logical Disk Drivers

14.1.3. Availability

14.2. Components of the Crypto-Graphic Disk system

14.2.1. Kernel driver pseudo-device

14.2.2. Ciphers

14.2.3. Verification Methods

14.3. Example: encrypting your disk

14.3.1. Preparing the disk

14.3.2. Scrubbing the disk

14.3.3. Creating the cgd

14.3.4. Modifying configuration files

14.3.5. Restoring data

14.4. Example: encrypted CDs/DVDs

14.4.1. Introduction

14.4.2. Creating an encrypted CD/DVD

14.4.3. Using an encrypted CD/DVD

14.5. Suggestions and Warnings

14.5.1. Using a random-key cgd for swap

14.5.2. Warnings

14.6. Further Reading

15. Concatenated Disk Device (CCD) configuration

15.1. Install physical media

15.2. Configure Kernel Support

15.3. Disklabel each volume member of the CCD

15.4. Configure the CCD

15.5. Initialize the CCD device

15.6. Create a 4.2BSD/UFS filesystem on the new CCD device

15.7. Mount the filesystem

16. NetBSD RAIDframe

16.1. RAIDframe Introduction

16.1.1. About RAIDframe

16.1.2. A warning about Data Integrity, Backups, and High Availability

16.1.3. Getting Help

16.2. Setup RAIDframe Support

16.2.1. Kernel Support

16.2.2. Power Redundancy and Disk Caching

16.3. Example: RAID-1 Root Disk

16.3.1. Pseudo-Process Outline

16.3.2. Hardware Review

16.3.3. Initial Install on Disk0/wd0

16.3.4. Preparing Disk1/wd1

16.3.5. Initializing the RAID Device

16.3.6. Setting up Filesystems

16.3.7. Setting up kernel dumps

16.3.8. Migrating System to RAID

16.3.9. The first boot with RAID

16.3.10. Adding Disk0/wd0 to RAID

16.3.11. Testing Boot Blocks

16.4. Testing kernel dumps

17. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)

17.1. About

17.2. Introduction

17.3. Terms and conventions

17.3.1. Definitions

17.3.2. Usage examples

17.4. PAM Essentials

17.4.1. Facilities and primitives

17.4.2. Modules

17.4.3. Chains and policies

17.4.4. Transactions

17.5. PAM Configuration

17.5.1. PAM policy files

17.5.2. Breakdown of a configuration line

17.5.3. Policies

17.6. PAM modules

17.6.1. Common Modules

17.6.2. FreeBSD-specific PAM Modules

17.6.3. NetBSD-specific PAM Modules

17.7. PAM Application Programming

17.8. PAM Module Programming

17.9. Sample PAM Application

17.10. Sample PAM Module

17.11. Sample PAM Conversation Function

17.12. Further Reading

18. Tuning di NetBSD

18.1. Introduzione

18.1.1. Panoramica

18.2. Considerazioni di Tuning

18.2.1. Configurazione Generale di Sistema

18.2.2. Servizi di Sistema

18.2.3. Il Kernel NetBSD

18.3. Strumenti di Monitoraggio Visivo

18.3.1. Il Monitor di Processi top

18.3.2. Il programma di utilit sysstat

18.4. Strumenti di monitoraggio

18.4.1. fstat

18.4.2. iostat

18.4.3. ps

18.4.4. vmstat

18.5. Strumenti di Rete

18.5.1. ping

18.5.2. traceroute

18.5.3. netstat

18.5.4. tcpdump

18.6. Accounting

18.6.1. Accounting

18.6.2. Leggere le Informazioni di Accounting

18.6.3. Come mettere l'accounting in uso

18.7. Profiling del kernel

18.7.1. Come cominciare

18.7.2. Interpretazione dell'output di kgmon

18.7.3. Metterlo in Uso

18.7.4. Sommario

18.8. Tuning del Sistema

18.8.1. Usare sysctl

18.8.2. memfs e softdeps

18.8.3. LFS

18.9. Tuning del Kernel

18.9.1. Preparare la Ricompilazione del Kernel

18.9.2. Configurazione del Kernel

18.9.3. Compilare il Nuovo Kernel

18.9.4. Restringere il kernel NetBSD

19. NetBSD Veriexec subsystem

19.1. Come funziona

19.2. Signatures file

19.3. Generare le fingerprint

19.4. Livelli Strict

19.5. Veriexec e file system a strati

19.6. Configurazione del kernel

20. Bluetooth on NetBSD

20.1. Introduction

20.2. Supported Hardware

20.3. System Configuration

20.4. Human Interface Devices

20.4.1. Mice

20.4.2. Keyboards

20.5. Serial Connections

20.6. Audio

20.6.1. SCO Audio Headsets

20.6.2. SCO Audio Handsfree

20.7. Object Exchange

20.8. Troubleshooting

21. Operazioni varie

21.1. Installare il gestore di boot

21.2. Rimuovere le laber del disco

21.3. Altoparlante

21.4. Dimenticata la password di root?

21.5. Aggiungere un nuovo disco rigido

21.6. File delle password occupato?

21.7. Come costruire le periferiche in /dev

IV. Rete e discussioni relative

22. Introduction to TCP/IP Networking

22.1. Audience

22.2. Supported Networking Protocols

22.3. Supported Media

22.3.1. Serial Line

22.3.2. Ethernet

22.4. TCP/IP Address Format

22.5. Subnetting and Routing

22.6. Name Service Concepts

22.6.1. /etc/hosts

22.6.2. Domain Name Service (DNS)

22.6.3. Network Information Service (NIS/YP)

22.6.4. Other

22.7. Next generation Internet protocol - IPv6

22.7.1. The Future of the Internet

22.7.2. What good is IPv6?

22.7.3. Changes to IPv4

23. Setting up TCP/IP on NetBSD in practice

23.1. A walk through the kernel configuration

23.2. Overview of the network configuration files

23.3. Connecting to the Internet with a modem

23.3.1. Getting the connection information

23.3.2. resolv.conf and nsswitch.conf

23.3.3. Creating the directories for pppd

23.3.4. Connection script and chat file

23.3.5. Authentication

23.3.6. pppd options

23.3.7. Testing the modem

23.3.8. Activating the link

23.3.9. Using a script for connection and disconnection

23.3.10. Running commands after dialin

23.4. Creating a small home network

23.5. Setting up an Internet gateway with IPNAT

23.5.1. Configuring the gateway/firewall

23.5.2. Configuring the clients

23.5.3. Some useful commands

23.6. Setting up a network bridge device

23.6.1. Bridge example

23.7. A common LAN setup

23.8. Connecting two PCs through a serial line

23.8.1. Connecting NetBSD with BSD or Linux

23.8.2. Connecting NetBSD and Windows NT

23.8.3. Connecting NetBSD and Windows 95

23.9. IPv6 Connectivity & Transition via 6to4

23.9.1. Getting 6to4 IPv6 up & running

23.9.2. Obtaining IPv6 Address Space for 6to4

23.9.3. How to get connected

23.9.4. Security Considerations

23.9.5. Data Needed for 6to4 Setup

23.9.6. Kernel Preparation

23.9.7. 6to4 Setup

23.9.8. Quickstart using pkgsrc/net/hf6to4

23.9.9. Known 6to4 Relay Routers

23.9.10. Tunneling 6to4 through an IPFilter firewall

23.9.11. Conclusion & Further Reading

24. The Internet Super Server inetd

24.1. Overview

24.2. What is inetd?

24.3. Configuring inetd - /etc/inetd.conf

24.4. Services - /etc/services

24.5. Protocols - /etc/protocols

24.6. Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) - /etc/rpc

24.7. Allowing and denying hosts - /etc/hosts.{allow,deny}

24.8. Adding a Service

24.9. When to use or not to use inetd

24.10. Other Resources

25. The Domain Name System

25.1. DNS Background and Concepts

25.1.1. Naming Services

25.1.2. The DNS namespace

25.1.3. Resource Records

25.1.4. Delegation

25.1.5. Delegation to multiple servers

25.1.6. Secondaries, Caching, and the SOA record

25.1.7. Name Resolution

25.1.8. Reverse Resolution

25.2. The DNS Files

25.2.1. /etc/namedb/named.conf

25.2.2. /etc/namedb/localhost

25.2.3. /etc/namedb/zone.127.0.0

25.2.4. /etc/namedb/diverge.org

25.2.5. /etc/namedb/1.168.192

25.2.6. /etc/namedb/root.cache

25.3. Using DNS

25.4. Setting up a caching only name server

25.4.1. Testing the server

26. Mail and news

26.1. postfix

26.1.1. Configuration of generic mapping

26.1.2. Testing the configuration

26.1.3. Using an alternative MTA

26.2. fetchmail

26.3. Reading and writing mail with mutt

26.4. Strategy for receiving mail

26.5. Strategy for sending mail

26.6. Advanced mail tools

26.7. News with tin

27. Introduction to the Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP)

27.1. CARP Operation

27.2. Configuring CARP

27.3. Enabling CARP Support

27.4. CARP Example

27.5. Advanced CARP configuration

27.6. Forcing Failover of the Master

28. Servizi di rete

28.1. Il Network File System (NFS)

28.1.1. Esempio di messa a punto di NFS

28.1.2. Messa appunto dell'automontaggio di NFS per /net con amd(8)

28.2. Il Network Time Protocol (NTP)

V. Compilare il sistema

29. Obtaining the sources

29.1. Preparing directories

29.2. Terminology

29.3. Downloading tarballs

29.3.1. Downloading sources for a NetBSD release

29.3.2. Downloading sources for a NetBSD stable branch

29.3.3. Downloading sources for a NetBSD-current development branch

29.4. Fetching by CVS

29.4.1. Fetching a NetBSD release

29.4.2. Fetching a NetBSD stable branch

29.4.3. Fetching the NetBSD-current development branch

29.4.4. Saving some cvs(1) options

29.5. Sources on CD (ISO)

30. Crosscompiling NetBSD with build.sh

30.1. Building the crosscompiler

30.2. Configuring the kernel manually

30.3. Crosscompiling the kernel manually

30.4. Crosscompiling the kernel with build.sh

30.5. Crosscompiling the userland

30.6. Crosscompiling the X Window System

30.7. Changing build behaviour

30.7.1. Changing the Destination Directory

30.7.2. Static Builds

30.7.3. Using build.sh options

30.7.4. make(1) variables used during build

31. Compiling the kernel

31.1. Requirements and procedure

31.2. Installing the kernel sources

31.3. Creating the kernel configuration file

31.4. Building the kernel manually

31.4.1. Configuring the kernel manually

31.4.2. Generating dependencies and recompiling manually

31.5. Building the kernel using build.sh

31.6. Installing the new kernel

31.7. If something went wrong

32. Aggiornare dai sorgenti un sistema esistente

32.1. La procedura di aggiornamento

32.1.1. Costruire una nuova userland

32.1.2. Costruire un nuovo kernel

32.1.3. Installare kernel e userland

32.1.4. Aggiornare i file di configurazione del sistema

32.1.5. Sommario

32.1.6. Alternativa: usare sysinst

32.2. Pi dettagli sull'aggiornamento della configurazione e file di avvio

32.2.1. Usare etcupdate con file sorgenti

32.2.2. Usare etcudate con i binari dei set di distribuzione

32.2.3. Usare etcmanage anzich etcupdate

33. Building NetBSD installation media

33.1. Creating custom install or boot floppies for your architecture e.g. i386

33.2. Creating a custom install or boot CD with build.sh

A. Information

A.1. Where to get this document

A.2. Guide history

B. Contribuire alla guida a NetBSD

B.1. Tradurre la guida

B.1.1. Che cosa serve per iniziare una traduzione ?

B.1.2. Scrivere in XML/DocBook

B.2. Inviare i contributi

B.3. Schema XML/DocBook

C. Getting started with XML/DocBook

C.1. What is XML/DocBook

C.2. Installing the necessary tools

C.3. Using the tools

C.4. Language-specific notes

C.4.1. Enabling hyphenation for the Italian language

C.5. Links

D. Acknowledgements

D.1. Original acknowledgements

D.2. Current acknowledgements

D.3. Licenses

D.3.1. Federico Lupi's original license of this guide

D.3.2. Networks Associates Technology's license on the PAM article

D.3.3. Joel Knight's license on the CARP article

E. Bibliography

Bibliography